Methods, systems, and computer program products for parallel correlation and applications thereof

ABSTRACT

A fast correlator transform (FCT) algorithm and methods and systems for implementing same, correlate an encoded data word (X 0 -X M-1 ) with encoding coefficients (C 0 -C M-1 ), wherein each of (X 0 -X M-1 ) is represented by one or more bits and each said coefficient is represented by one or more bits, wherein each coefficient has k possible states, and wherein M is greater than 1. Substantially the same hardware can be utilized for processing in-phase and quadrature phase components of the data word (X 0 -X M-1 ). The coefficients (C 0 -C M-1 ) can represent real numbers and/or complex numbers. The coefficients (C 0 -C M-1 ) can be represented with a single bit or with multiple bits (e.g., magnitude). The coefficients (C 0 -C M-1 ) represent, for example, a cyclic code keying (“CCK”) code set substantially in accordance with IEEE 802.11 WLAN standard.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This patent application is a divisional of U.S. non-provisional application Ser. No. 10/719,058, filed Nov. 24, 2003, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. non-provisional application Ser. No. 09/987,193, filed Nov. 13, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,010,559, which claims priority to U.S. provisional application No. 60/248,001, filed Nov. 14, 2000, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

The following application of common assignee is related to the present application, and is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety: U.S. non-provisional application Ser. No. 09/550,644, titled “Method and System for Down-Converting an Electromagnetic Signal, Transforms for Same, and Aperture Relationships,” filed Apr. 14, 2000.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to matched filters and correlators and, more particularly, to a novel fast correlator transform (“FCT”) and to methods and systems for implementing same.

2. Related Art

Matched Filter Theory was introduced by D. O. North in 1943. Others such as Van Vleck, Middleton, Weiner, and Turin, have added to the body of knowledge and application, ranging from RADAR to SONAR and communications. Although the basic theory was originally applied to continuous time systems and linear networks, the theory has been augmented to absorb discrete sampled filters and correlator operations. Indeed Paul Green pointed out in the June 1960 IRE Transactions on Information Theory, Matched Filter Issue:

-   -   “Correlation detection was studied at first as a separate         subject, but the equivalence of the two operations (meaning         matched filters and correlators) was soon appreciated.”

IRE Transactions on Information Theory, New York, N.Y.: Professional Group on Information, Institute of Radio Engineers, June, 1960, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

More recently Van Whalen and Blahut as well as others have provided proofs of mathematical equivalence of correlation or matched filtering based on a change of variables formulation.

With the surge of DSP and proliferation of VLSI CMOS circuits as well as the universal push for software radios, many discrete matched filter realizations have evolved. The most notable digital implementation is the Transversal or Finite Impulse Response Filter which may realize the time flipped impulse response of the waveform to be processed or utilized as a correlator, both which produce the equivalent result at the optimum observation instant.

A particular concern arises when multiple filtering operations are required, concurrently, as is the case for parallel correlators. The complexity, clock speeds and signal flow control typically increase cost, size, and power.

What are needed are improved methods and systems for performing matched filtering and/or correlating functions, including concurrent and/or parallel correlations.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to methods and systems for performing matched filtering and/or correlating functions, including concurrent and/or parallel correlations. More particularly, the present invention is directed to a fast correlator transform (FCT) algorithm and methods and systems for implementing same. The invention is useful for, among other things, correlating an encoded data word (X₀-X_(M-1)) with encoding coefficients (C₀-C_(M-1)), wherein each of (X₀-X_(M-1)) is represented by one or more bits and each coefficient is represented by one or more bits, wherein each coefficient has k possible states, and wherein M is greater than 1.

In accordance with the invention, X₀ is multiplied by each state (C₀₍₀₎ through C_(0(k-1))) of the coefficient C₀, thereby generating results X₀C₀₍₀₎ through X₀C_(0(k-1)). This is repeated for data bits (X₁-X_(M-1)) and corresponding coefficients (C₁-C_(M-1)), respectively. The results are grouped into N groups. Combinations within each of said N groups are added to one another, thereby generating a first layer of correlation results.

The first layer of results is grouped and the members of each group are summed with one another to generate a second layer of results. This process is repeated as necessary until a final layer of results is generated. The final layer of results includes a separate correlation output for each possible state of the complete set of coefficients (C₀-C_(M-1)). The results in the final layer are compared with one another to identify the most likely encoded data word.

In an embodiment, the summations are pruned to exclude summations that would result in invalid combinations of the encoding coefficients (C₀-C_(M-1)). In an embodiment, substantially the same hardware is utilized for processing in-phase and quadrature phase components of the data word (X₀-X_(M-1)). In an embodiment, the coefficients (C₀-C_(M-1)) represent real numbers. In an alternative embodiment, the coefficients (C₀-C_(M-1)) represent complex numbers. In an embodiment, the coefficients (C₀-C_(M-1)) are represented with a single bit. Alternatively, the coefficients (C₀-C_(M-1)) are represented with multiple bits (e.g., magnitude). In an embodiment, the coefficients (C₀-C_(M-1)) represent a cyclic code keying (“CCK”) code set substantially in accordance with IEEE 802.11 WLAN standard.

Further features and advantages of the invention, as well as the structure and operation of various embodiments of the invention, are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. It is noted that the invention is not limited to the specific embodiments described herein. Such embodiments are presented herein for illustrative purposes only. Additional embodiments will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the teachings contained herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS/FIGURES

The present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. The drawing in which an element first appears is typically indicated by the leftmost digit(s) in the corresponding reference number.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an example discrete transversal matched filter or correlator, in which the present invention can be implemented.

FIG. 2A is an expanded view of a summation function 102 illustrated in FIG. 1.

FIG. 2B is a block diagram of a FCT kernel implemented in an 802.11 demodulator 210 in accordance with an aspect of the present invention.

FIG. 3A illustrates example correlation kernels, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention.

FIG. 3B illustrates example first and second layers of an FCT processing hierarchy in accordance with an aspect of the invention.

FIG. 3C illustrates an example signal flow diagram for the first and second layers illustrated in FIG. 3B.

FIG. 4A illustrates a conventional parallel correlator approach.

FIG. 4B illustrates an example matrix form of coefficients for a parallel correlator in accordance with an aspect of the present invention.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example complex fast Hadamard Transform.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example parallel magnitude compare operation in accordance with an aspect of the invention.

FIG. 7 illustrates an example final layer of an FCT processing hierarchy in accordance with an aspect of the invention.

FIG. 8 illustrates an example process flowchart for implementing an FCT algorithm in accordance with an aspect of the present invention.

FIG. 9 is a signal path diagram for an example CCK decoder output trellis, including an I signal path 902 and a Q signal path 904.

FIG. 10 is a block diagram of an inverted channel detection circuit 1000 that can be used to determine if one of the channels was inverted.

FIG. 11 is a block diagram of a complex correlation in accordance with equation 12.

FIG. 12 is a block diagram of an example FCT 1200 in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 13 is a block diagram of another example FCT 1300 in accordance with the present invention, including stages 1 a, 1 b, 2 a, 2 b, and 3.

FIG. 14 is an example block diagram of stage 1 a of the FCT 1300.

FIG. 15 is an example block diagram of stage 1 b of the FCT 1300.

FIG. 16 is an example block diagram of stage 2 a of the FCT 1300.

FIG. 17 is an example block diagram of stage 2 b of the FCT 1300.

FIG. 18 is a block diagram of an example system 1800 that calculates A_(n) values.

FIG. 19 is a block diagram of connection stages for an example simplified architecture FCT 1900, including stages 1 a, 1 b, 2 a, 2 c, and 3.

FIG. 20 is an example block diagram of stage 1 a of the FCT 1900.

FIG. 21 is an example block diagram of stage 1 b of the FCT 1900.

FIG. 22 is an example block diagram of stage 2 a of the FCT 1900.

FIG. 23 is an example block diagram of stage 2 b of the FCT 1900.

FIGS. 24A and B are an example block diagram of stage 3 of the FCT 1900.

FIG. 25 illustrates an example structure 2500 for implementing equation 17.

FIG. 26 is another example block diagram of stages of the FCT 1900.

FIG. 27 is another example block diagram of stages of the FCT 1900.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Table of Contents

-   I. Introduction -   II. Example Environment: 802.11 -   III. Fast Correlator Transform and Correlator Kernels -   IV. Mathematical Formulation -   V. Comparisons to the Hadamard Transform -   VI. Maximum Likelihood Decoding (AWGN, no Multipath)     -   A. Magnitude Comparator -   VII. Example Methods for Implementing the FCT Algorithm -   VIII. CCK Chip Code Words -   IX. CCK Decoder     -   A. Introduction -   X. CCK Correlator Optimizations     -   A. Introduction     -   B. Initial Complex Correlation     -   C. Fast Correlator Transform (FCT)     -   D. FCT Based on CCK Code Properties -   XI. Conclusion     I. Introduction

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an example discrete transversal matched filter or correlator 100, also referred to herein as a finite impulse response (“FIR”) filter 100. The FIR filter 100 includes a set of multipliers 104 that multiply data words X_(i) by coefficients C. The FIR filter 100 also includes a final accumulate or summation function 102. The matched filter 100 implements the following discrete sampling equation;

$\begin{matrix} {y_{i} = {\sum\limits_{k = 0}^{n - 1}{c_{k}x_{({i - k})}}}} & \left( {{Eq}.\mspace{14mu} 1} \right) \end{matrix}$

In Eq. 1, X_(i) are typically derived from a sampling device such as an A/D converter and can be represented as signed magnitude, two's complement, or other binary representation in parallel bit format. Likewise the multiplier tap coefficients C₀ . . . C_(n) can be 1 bit values or k bit (soft) values depending on the application. In the case of soft value implementations, the multiplier functions can represent considerable hardware or algorithmic complexity. The final summation can be implemented using discrete adder technologies or floating point processors. The entire architecture can be implemented in hardware, software, or a hybrid of each.

A particular concern arises when multiple filtering operations are required, concurrently, as is the case for parallel correlators. The complexity, clock speeds and signal flow control typically increase cost, size, and power. Hence, efficient architectures are often pursued to streamline the implementation and thereby differentiate product offerings.

The present invention is directed to a novel fast correlator transform (“FCT”) algorithm that reduces the number of additions for parallel correlation, as compared to conventional techniques. The present invention is also directed to methods and systems for implementing the novel FCT algorithm. Conventional techniques are typically of less universal application and restricted to certain signaling schemes. The present invention, on the other hand, is applicable to a variety of parallel matched filter and/or correlator operations.

The present invention is as efficient or more efficient than the Fast Walsh Transform, currently applied as the “state of the art,” and is more universally applicable to signaling schemes employing higher order signaling spaces such as MQAM, CDMA, etc. In addition, classical multi-path processor algorithms are more easily applied using the classical correlator/matched filter kernel, in accordance with the present invention, rather than the conventional modified Fast Walsh Transform.

The present invention can be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, and/or combinations thereof. For example, and without limitation, the invention, or portions thereof, can be implemented in hardware logic. The invention, or portions thereof, can also be implemented in software imbedded in a computer readable medium (i.e., a computer program product), which, when executed on a computer system, causes the computer system to perform in accordance with the invention.

II. Example Environment 802.11

The present invention is described herein as implemented in an example environment of an IEEE 802.11b 11 MBPS physical layer signaling scheme. IEEE 802.11 is a well-known communications standard and is described in, for example, “Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical (PHY) Specifications,” ANS/IEE Std 802.11, published by IEEE, (1999 Ed.), and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

The present invention is not, however, limited to the IEEE 802.11 communications standard. Based on the description herein, one skilled in the relevant art(s) will understand that the present invention can be implemented for a variety of other applications as well. Such other applications are within the spirit and scope of the present invention.

A distinction is made herein between a basic correlator kernel and a full demodulator. A general form of a demodulator for IEEE 802.11 typically requires four correlator banks operating essentially in parallel. A fast correlator transform (“FCT”) kernel, in accordance with the invention, typically includes similar structure, plus complex additions and subtractions from two in-phase and two quadrature-phase banks to accomplish the demodulation for IEEE 802.11. The Walsh transform, as a comparison, accounts for these additional adds and subtracts by having them built into its algorithm.

The 802.11 signaling scheme of interest is based on Cyclic Code Keying (“CCK”) derived from Walsh/Hadamard functions. A restricted set within the available coding space was selected so that the Fast Walsh Transform could be utilized to implement an efficient correlator architecture. Originally, both Harris and Lucent could not figure out how to apply a classical parallel matched filter or correlator, efficiently, to process the waveforms. The current coding space provides for 64 code words. Harris erroneously predicted that a classical parallel matched filter approach would require 8×64−512 complex additions since each code word is 8 bits, on I and Q and there are 64 code words. However, the true estimate is 7×64=448 complex additions as illustrated in the example 8-way adder tree illustrated in FIG. 2A.

FIG. 2A is an expanded view of the final accumulate: or summation function 102 in FIG. 1, part of the FIR filter 100. Notice that only 7 adders are required for the example implementation. Nevertheless, 448 complex additions represent a significant number of operations. Lucent, Harris/Intersil, and Alantro apply the Fast Walsh Transform (“FWT”) to the CCK code set to reduce the correlation operation down to 112 complex multiplies due to the restriction placed on the code set.

The FWT is actually more of a decoder than a correlator. It reduces to the performance of a correlator for this specific application if the coefficients in the butterfly branches are weighted with simple hard coded values, i.e., 1, −1, j, −j. The imaginary numbers are included for the case of complex signaling.

The FCT algorithm, according to the present invention, is truly a correlation or matched filter operation and can be applied with soft value weighting or hard value weighting. Furthermore, the present invention is intuitively satisfying, possessing direct correspondence of matched filter tap weights or coefficients maintained throughout the hierarchical structure. This permits easy extension of the matched filter concept to accommodate channel equalization, MLSE, and other adaptive applications.

FIG. 2B is a block diagram of an example FCT kernel implemented in an 802.11 demodulator 210. The 802.11 demodulator 210 includes a bank of FCT kernels 212. The demodulator 210 can be reduced to 110 complex operations, with 78 of the complex operations allocated to the bank of FCT kernels 212. Additional simplification can be obtained by exploiting redundancy in the algorithm, as described below.

III. Fast Correlator Transform And Correlator Kernels

The available coding space for a 16 bit word is 2¹⁶=65536. CCK whittles this space down to a code set formed by 8 in-phase (“I”) chip and 8 quadrature phase (“Q”) chip complex symbols. 64 code words are retained, carrying 6 bits of information. 2 more bits are contained in the complex QPSK representation, for a total of 8 bits of information.

Suppose then that 8 samples of an input vector X₀, X₁, . . . X₇ are associated with optimal sampling instants from the output of a chip matched filter. Each of these samples would normally be weighted by the coefficients C₀ . . . C₇ then assimilated as illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2A.

In the 802.11 example, C₀ . . . C₇ correspond to samples of the CCK code set symbols. The unknowns X₀ . . . X₇ are noisy input samples from which a specific code must be extracted. Conceptually, 64 such complex filtering operations should be performed concurrently since a specific code word cannot be predicted a priori. The largest output from the parallel bank of correlators would then be selected as the most likely code word correlation match at that particularly symbol sample time.

In accordance with the present invention, a general philosophy for correlation is imposed for partitioned segments of code words. In an embodiment, the code word correlations are divided into sub-sets. In the illustrated example embodiment, the code word correlations are divided into sample pairs. The present invention is not, however, limited to this example embodiment. In other embodiments, the code word correlations are divided into triplets, quintuplets, and/or any other suitable sub-sets.

Combinations of the code word correlation sub-sets are then provided to correlation kernels. FIG. 3A illustrates example correlation kernels 302 a-302 d, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention.

The correlation kernels 302 a-302 d represent all or substantially all possible correlation options for the first 2 samples X₀, X₁. In a similar fashion the remaining groupings of double samples (X₂, X₃), (X₄, X₅), (X₆, X₇) will also spawn their own set of 4 correlation kernels.

The number of separate correlation kernels spawned is determined by the number of correlated samples per summation, the number of correlation variations possible, and, in an embodiment, the number of invalid combinations of correlated samples. In the present example, each coefficient has two possible states (i.e., hard value weighting). Thus each subset correlation generates 4 outputs. In alternative embodiments, soft weighting is implemented, where each coefficient is represented with multiple bits (e.g., magnitude representation).

In an embodiment, the number of correlation operations associated with binary antipodal signaling in accordance with the present invention is implemented in accordance with Eq. 2.

$\begin{matrix} {N_{k} = {\frac{n!}{{r!}{\left( {n - r} \right)!}} - L}} & \left( {{Eq}.\mspace{14mu} 2} \right) \end{matrix}$

The result for the example environment described above, using 2 input summers, is shown in Eq. 3:

$\begin{matrix} {N_{k} = {\frac{4!}{{2!}{(2)!}} - 2}} & \left( {{Eq}.\mspace{14mu} 3} \right) \end{matrix}$

wherein:

n is the number of uniquely available summer inputs;

r is the number of summing inputs per kernel; and

L is the number of invalid combinations.

N_(k) is thus the number of correlation kernels and therefore the number of adders or summers required. Groupings of two correlation samples provide for convenient binary expansion. As stated above, however, the present invention is not limited to groupings of two.

The term L represents the number of invalid or disallowed combinations. For instance, X₀C₀ and −X₀C₀ is an invalid combination when added and therefore can be subtracted from the total number of combinations. In an embodiment, 3 way adders or summers are utilized. In other embodiments, other algorithmic partitioning is utilized. For the current example, partitioning in powers of 2 is convenient and attractive in terms of potential hardware implementation.

FIG. 3B illustrates example first and second layers 304 and 306, respectively, of an FCT processing hierarchy in accordance with an aspect of the invention.

The second layer 306 includes 32 additions 308, of which 308 a through 308 p are illustrated, to process combinations of correlations from the first layer 304 of correlation kernels. The first layer 304 includes 16 additions related to the first 4 sample correlations X₀C₀ . . . X₃C₃, and 16 additions related to the 2^(nd) 4 sample correlations. Hence, the first layer 304 of kernels includes 16 adders 302 and the second layer possesses 32 adders 308. Once the second layer 306 is accomplished, each term that results includes 4 correlation components.

Note that 4 unique samples X₀ . . . X₃ at the system input spawns 24 unique 4-tuple correlations at the second layer 306 of kernel processing. The corresponding number of additions is calculated for the 4 sample correlation sequences from Eq. 4:

$\begin{matrix} {N = {{\frac{8!}{{2!}{6!}} - {2\left( \frac{4!}{{2!}{2!}} \right)}} = 16}} & \left( {{Eq}.\mspace{14mu} 4} \right) \end{matrix}$

At this point it is important to realize that all that is required is one more level of processing to obtain correlation terms consisting of 8 components which represents a full length correlation. However, it must also be recognized that there are 16 upper 4-tuple correlations as well as 16 lower 4-tuple correlations, which if exploited for all combinations in this case would yield 256 addition operations! Fortunately the CCK code set is well defined and possesses only 64 valid 8 chip component correlations. Hence, the final layer, illustrated in FIG. 7, is pruned to perform only 64 unique addition operations. Thus, a total (upper bound) number of adders used for the algorithm is: 16(first hierarchical layer)+32(second layer)+64(third layer)=112

This is a remarkable result because a conventional parallel matched filter or correlator bank would require 448 complex additions. Theoretically, 112 is the upper bound. However, in practice, the Trellis may be pruned to a maximum of 78 additions on the I and 78 and the Q.

FIG. 3C illustrates an example signal flow diagram for the FCT algorithm through the first 2 layers 304 and 306. In accordance with the example above, there are 8 input samples and 32 output correlation options through the first 2 layers 304 and 306. Correlation combinations from the upper and lower 16 4-tuples provide a final trellis with 64 8-tuple options, each representing a different CCK symbol. The option having the highest output is selected during each symbol cycle as the most likely CCK symbol. In the example embodiment, the correlation operation utilizes I and Q matched filters since the symbols are complex.

IV. Mathematical Formulation

In an embodiment, a receiver in accordance with the present invention receives a waveform and an analog-to-digital converter function samples the received waveform and converts the waveform down to baseband. The received sampled waveform may be represented from Eq. 5: X _(i) =S _(i) +N _(i)  (Eq. 5)

Where S_(i) represents samples from the received signal and N_(i) represent noise sampled from an average white Gausian noise (“AWGN”) process. This equation does not account for multi-path. The samples can be considered as complex, with I and Q components. The receiver output can be represented by Eq. 6:

$\begin{matrix} {Y_{i} = {\sum\limits_{k = 0}^{n - 1}{C_{k}{X\left( {i - k} \right)}}}} & \left( {{Eq}.\mspace{14mu} 6} \right) \end{matrix}$

The coefficients, C_(k), are considered constant for the nominal case of an AWGN channel. “n” is the FIR filter or correlator depth. For a case of m correlators operating on X_(i) in parallel, Eq. 6 becomes Eq. 7:

$\begin{matrix} {Y_{i,{m - 1}} = {\sum\limits_{k = 0}^{n - 1}{C_{k,{m - 1}}{X\left( {i - k} \right)}}}} & \left( {{Eq}.\mspace{14mu} 7} \right) \end{matrix}$

The mth correlator branch then contains correlator coefficients uniquely related to that branch.

FIG. 4A illustrates a conventional parallel correlator approach and relates it to Eq. 7. The present invention breaks the sum over n−1 into smaller sums, typically, although not necessarily, sums of 2. The present invention applies all, or substantially all potential cross correlations and carries the 4 results forward to a subsequent level of processing. An example mathematical formulation of this operation is provided in Eq. 8;

$\begin{matrix} {{Y(i)}_{l,v,p,u} = {{\sum\limits_{k = 0}^{1}{C_{k,l}{X\left( {i - k} \right)}}} + {\sum\limits_{k = 2}^{3}{C_{k,v}{X\left( {i - k} \right)}}} + {\sum\limits_{k = 4}^{5}{C_{k,p}{X\left( {i - k} \right)}}} + {\sum\limits_{k = 6}^{7}\;{C_{k,u}{X\left( {i - k} \right)}\mspace{14mu}\ldots}}}} & \left( {{Eq}.\mspace{14mu} 8} \right) \end{matrix}$

Where l, v, p, and u may be considered as indices to select different coefficients. All indices should be considered in terms of a final valid code word correlation. In the 802.11 case, 256 correlation sequences are defined by Eq. 8, but the options are sifted to correspond only to valid CCK code words. FIG. 4B illustrates an example matrix form of coefficients for a parallel correlator according to the present invention.

The coefficients all take on the values of +/−1 for the examples herein. The indices are permitted to contain zeros for consistency with the original FIR formulation. The FCT sub-matrices however are simply;

$\begin{matrix} {C_{k,l} = {C_{k,v} = {C_{k,p} = {C_{k,u} = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & {- 1} \\ {- 1} & 1 \end{bmatrix}}}}} & \left( {{Eq}.\mspace{14mu} 9} \right) \end{matrix}$

The indices l, v, p, u are manipulated specifically to match the coefficients to the desired code words at the Y(i)_(l,v,p,u) outputs. The indices also uniquely specify the trajectory through the signal flow path. Breaking up the original parallel matched filter coefficient matrix into the smaller 2×2 matrix permits the FCT algorithm to exploit redundant correlation operations.

V. Comparisons To The Hadamard Transform

An FCT algorithm trellis, in accordance with the present invention, is described above. A corresponding length 4 complex fast Hadamard Transform is illustrated in FIG. 5. As with the FCT algorithm, there are two such trellis structures corresponding to 8 input samples and 32 outputs. The 32 outputs include two 16 wide 4-tuple groupings, which are then utilized in combinations to produce the final 54 8-tuple correlations.

There are distinct differences between the two algorithms. For example, the FCT algorithm can function on arbitrary correlation words, even in matched filter scenarios, while the FWT requires certain signal coding structure. Also, the FCT algorithm permits greater efficiency because the number of adds may be tailored for a specific code set or application.

Harris and Lucent advertise an efficiency of 112 complex additions for CCK demodulation, which amounts to 2×112 additions. The bounding case for 64 arbitrary correlations with the FCT was shown to be 112, maximum. It turns out that the specific case of CCK may be accommodated using a pruned FCT algorithm having 78 additions on the in-phase correlation band and 78 additions on the quadrature correlation bank. An additional 36 add/subtract operations are required to complete the demodulator, for a total of 114 complex operations, versus 112 for the FWT. Additional reductions can be obtained to reduce the demodulator to approximately 100 complex add/subtract operations, as described below.

VI. Maximum Likelihood Decoding (AWGN, No Multipath)

The modified Fast Walsh/Hadamard Transform implements a complex trellis decoder for which maximum scores may be compared at the trellis output. Thus there are 64 distinct outputs of the trellis which are preferred based on Euclidean distance calculations along the trellis trajectories. Only certain specific trajectories are considered up through the second tier of the trellis. The distance properties for the decoding trellis are also Euclidean for the in-phase and quadrature phase correlators. However, it is important to realize that the total distance should be calculated within the complex plane rather than simply on I independently of Q. That is, scoring is based on Eq. 10. Distance≡√{square root over (I _(score) ² +Q _(score) ²)}  (Eq. 10)

This comes from the fact that there are pairs of I and Q chip code words which are dependent. That is the nature of the complex Walsh-Hadamard codes. Fortunately, a sufficient statistic exists which does not require the square root operation. Simply calculating the sum of the squares or estimating the vector magnitude will suffice. In this manner then the total distance or weighting through complex space is calculated. The largest output out of the 64 complex operations (weighting scenario) then becomes the most likely 8 chip complex code.

A. Magnitude Comparator

In order to determine which code symbol was most likely encoded, a magnitude compare operation is performed on the outputs from the summer 102 (FIG. 1). A variety of types of magnitude compare operations can be performed.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example parallel magnitude compare operation in accordance with an aspect of the invention. In operation, the I and Q inputs, 8 bits wide each, for example, are squared and summed at the correlator outputs to form 64 scores. These 64 scores are compared and the largest result selected as the maximum likelihood symbol estimate. Each of the 64 outputs are assigned their corresponding chip code-to-6-bit data map. An additional di-bit is decoded from the differential phase decoder. In an embodiment, the squaring operation results in 16 bit output value when the inputs from each I and Q correlator are truncated to an extent reasonable to minimize the compare tree. In an embodiment, a parallel compare tree utilizes log₂(64)−1 compares to obtain the most likely result.

In an embodiment, the magnitude compare operation illustrated in FIG. 6 utilizes a flag at each level of compare to indicate the winning local score at that level. The winning local score can be traced from the output back to one of the 64 original input correlation scores to decide which 6-bit word is most likely. In an embodiment, outcomes of the scores at one or more levels are arbitrarily determined. In an embodiment, magnitude compare operations are performed with an adder/subtractor to create the result C=A−B, where A and B are inputs.

Another magnitude compare technique that can be utilized is referred to herein as space slicing, which includes the steps of examining the MSB of the correlator outputs, and throwing away results not active in the MSB. If none are active in the MSB then the next MSB is compared, so on and so forth. Any surviving correlator outputs are compared in the next most significant MSB in succession until all necessary compares are exhausted. This technique is useful because it requires only 1-bit compares at each level down to the final compare. In an embodiment, 1 bit compares are performed with an exclusive OR gate. Generally, there is no deterministic way to predict the number of surviving compares which may be passed on to the next level, but the maximum number typically reduces by a factor of 2 at each level. This approach relies on a statistical distribution of scores, which may permit rapid sifting. If all of the distances are similar in magnitude then sifting typically requires more operations. For instance, if all 64 distance calculations/scores possess an active MSB then the first round of sifting will not eliminate any scores and all scores are then be compared in the next MSB. Although this is not likely to occur, it should be anticipated for associated hardware realization.

VII. Example Methods For Implementing The Fct Algorithm

FIG. 8 illustrates an example process flowchart 800 for implementing the FCT algorithm in accordance with an aspect of the present invention. For illustrative purposes, the flowchart 800 is described herein with reference to one or more of the drawing figures described above. The invention is not, however, limited to the examples illustrated in the drawings. Based on the description herein, one skilled in the relevant art(s) will understand that the invention can be implemented in a variety of ways.

The example process flowchart 800 illustrates a method for correlating an encoded data word (X₀-X_(M-1)) with encoding coefficients (C₀-C_(M-1)), wherein each of (X₀-X_(M-1)) is represented by one or more bits and each said coefficient is represented by one or more bits, wherein each coefficient has k possible states, wherein M is greater than 1.

The process begins with step 802, which includes multiplying X₀ with each state (C₀₍₀₎ through C_(0(k-1))) of the coefficient C₀, thereby generating results X₀C₀₍₀₎ through X₀C_(0(k-1)). This is illustrated, for example, in FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C just prior to the kernels 302A, B, C, and D.

Step 804 includes repeating step 802 for data bits (X₁-X_(M-1)) and corresponding coefficients (C₁-C_(M-1)), respectively. This is illustrated, for example, in FIGS. 3B, and 3C just prior to the kernels 302E through 302Q.

Step 806 includes grouping the results of steps 802 and 804 into N groups and summing combinations within each of said N groups, thereby generating a first layer of correlation results. This is illustrated, for example, in FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C by the kernels 302, and the resultant first layer of results 307.

Step 808 includes grouping the results of step 806 and summing combinations of results within each group to generate one or more additional layers of results, and repeating this process until a final layer of results includes a separate correlation output for each possible state of the complete set of coefficients (C₀-C_(M-1)). This is illustrated in FIG. 3C and FIG. 7, where the summers 306 generate a second layer 310, the FCT final output trellis 702 (FIG. 7) provides separate outputs for each possible state of the complete set of coefficients (C₀-C_(M-1)) in a final layer 704.

In an embodiment, steps 806 and 808 include the step of omitting summations that would result in invalid combinations of the encoding coefficients (C₀-C_(M-1)). This is illustrated in steps 806A and 808A. This also is illustrated, for example, in FIG. 7, wherein the second level of results 310 omits the following combinations:

C₄C₅C₆(−C₇);

C₄C₅(−C₆)(−C₇);

(−C₄)C₅C₆(−C₇);

(−C₄)C₅(−C₆)(−C₇);

C₄(−C₅)C₆(−C₇);

C₄(−C₅)(−C₆)(−C₇);

(−C₄)(−C₅)C₆(−C₇); and

(−C₄)(−C₅)(−C₆)(−C₇).

In this example, the omissions eliminate performing summations for combinations that are invalid in light of the CCK code or that result in null operation. In other embodiments, different combinations may or may not be omitted based on particular codes.

Step 810 includes comparing magnitudes of said separate correlation outputs, thereby identifying a most likely code encoded on said data word. This is illustrated, for example, in FIG. 6, by the example parallel magnitude compare operation.

In an embodiment, the process flowchart 800 further includes the step of performing steps (1) through (5) using substantially the same hardware for in-phase and quadrature phase components of the data word (X₀-X_(M-1)).

In an embodiment, the coefficients (C₀-C_(M-1)) represent real numbers. In an alternative embodiment, the coefficients (C₀-C_(M-1)) represent complex numbers.

In an embodiment, the coefficients (C₀-C_(M-1)) are represented with a single bit. Alternatively, the coefficients (C₀-C_(M-1)) are represented with multiple bits (e.g., magnitude).

In an embodiment, the coefficients (C₀-C_(M-1)) represent a cyclic code keying (“CCK”) code set substantially in accordance with IEEE 802.11 WLAN standard, illustrated in the tables below.

In an embodiment, as illustrated in one or more of the prior drawing figures, M equals 8, N equal 4, and the coefficients (C₀-C_(M-1)) have two states, plus and minus.

VIII. CCK Chip Code Words

Tables are provided below that illustrate source-input data symbols, 8-bits long (d₀-d₇), and corresponding in-phase and quadrature phase 8 chip symbols used for CCK. The complex chip notation is provided for reference. In addition the algorithm flow diagram 4-tuple sums are provided since the last level of flow diagram becomes complex and difficult to follow. B₀ . . . B₃₁ are the 4-tuple intermediate correlation results relating to the signal flow diagrams presented for the correlator algorithm. Two branch 4-tuples form the final output result for each correlator. B₀ . . . B₁₅ provide options for the first branch component to form a final output correlator 8-tuple while B₁₆ . . . B₃₁ provide the second branch component or second 4-tuple. For instance, Table 1 illustrates an example build-up:

TABLE 1 4-tuple Designator 4-tuple Coefficient Sequence B₆ −1, 1, 1, −1 B₂₈ 1, 1, −1, −1 4-tuple Combination Final 8-tuple Correlator Coefficient Sequence B₆ + B₂₈

−1, 1, 1, −1, 1, 1, −1, −1

Logical zeros become weighted by an arithmetic value, −1. In this manner the optimum correlator trajectory for a particular chip sequence is projected through the correlator trellis. The example above corresponds to the in-phase correlator waiting for an originally transmitted data sequence d₀ . . . d₇ of 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0. For this example, that particular branch represents a correlation provided in Eq. 11; y ₄₂ =x ₀(−1)+x ₁(1)+x ₂(1)+x ₃(−1)+x ₄(1)+x ₅(1)+x ₆(−1)+x ₇(−1)  (Eq. 11)

x₀ . . . x₇ represent corrupted or noisy input signal samples. When the x_(i) match the coefficients significantly then that 8-tuple (1 of 64) output possesses maximum weighting and is declared most likely by the magnitude comparator. Another strategy seeks to minimize the distance between the x_(i) and c_(i). The process is similar in either case.

Table 2 illustrates example in-phase and quadrature 4-tuple combinations. It is noted that the examples provided in Tables 1 and 2 are provided for illustrative purposes and are not limiting. Other specific examples will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant arts based on the teachings herein, and such other examples are within the scope and spirit of the invention.

TABLE 2 d0 d1 d2 d3 4-tuple 4-tuple d4 d5 d6 d7 In phase Combination Quadrature Combination Complex D₀ 00000000 11101101 B₂ + B₂₀ 11101101 B₂ + B₂₀ 111−111−11 D₁ 00000001 00011101 B₁₃ + B₂₀ 11101101 B₂ + B₂₀ jjj−j11−11 D₂ 00000010 00011101 B₁₃ + B₂₀ 00011101 B₁₃ + B₂₀ −1−1−1111−11 D₃ 00000011 11101101 B₂ + B₂₀ 00011101 B₁₃ + B₂₀ −j−j−jj11−11 D₄ 00000100 00100001 B₁₄ + B₂₃ 11101101 B₂ + B₂₀ jj1−1jj−11 D₅ 00000101 00010001 B₁₃ + B₂₃ 00101101 B₁₄ + B₂₀ −1−1j−jjj−11 D₆ 00000110 11010001 B₁ + B₂₃ 00011101 B₁₃ + B₂₀ −j−j−11jj−11 D₇ 00000111 11100001 B₂ + B₂₃ 11011101 B₁ + B₂₀ 11−jjjj−11 D₈ 00001000 00100001 B₁₄ + B₂₃ 00100001 B₁₄ + B₂₃ −1−11−1−1−1−11 D₉ 00001001 11010001 B₁ + B₂₃ 00100001 B₁₄ + B₂₃ −j−jj−j−1−1−11 D₁₀ 00001010 11010001 B₁ + B₂₃ 11010001 B₁ + B₂₃ 11−11−1−1−11 D₁₁ 00001011 00100001 B₁₄ + B₂₃ 11010001 B₁ + B₂₃ jj−jj−1−1−11 D₁₂ 00001100 11101101 B₂ + B₂₀ 00100001 B₁₄ + B₂₃ −j−j1−1−j−j−11 D₁₃ 00001101 11011101 B₁ + B₂₀ 11100001 B₂ + B₂₃ 11j−j−j−j−11 D₁₄ 00001110 00011101 B₁₃ + B₂₀ 11010001 B₁ + B₂₃ jj−11−j−j−11 D₁₅ 00001111 00101101 B₁₄ + B₂₀ 00010001 B₁₃ + B₂₃ −1−1−jj−j−j−11 D₁₆ 00010000 01000111 B₇ + B₁₇ 11101101 B₂ + B₂₀ j1j−1j1−j1 D₁₇ 00010001 00010111 B₁₃ + B₁₇ 01001101 B₇ + B₂₀ −1j−1−jj1−j1 D₁₈ 00010010 10110111 B₈ + B₁₇ 00011101 B₁₃ + B₂₀ −j−1−j1j1−j1 D₁₉ 00010011 11100111 B₂ + B₁₇ 10111101 B₈ + B₂₀ 1−j1jj1−j1 D₂₀ 00010100 00000011 B₁₅ + B₁₉ 01100101 B₆ + B₂₁ −1jj−1−1j−j1 D₂₁ 00010101 10010011 B₉ + B₁₉ 00000101 B₁₅ + B₂₁ −j−1−1−j−1j−j1 D₂₂ 00010110 11110011 B₀ + B₁₉ 10010101 B₉ + B₂₁ 1−j−j1−1j−j1 D₂₃ 00010111 01100011 B₆ + B₁₉ 11110101 B₀ + B₂₁ j11j−1j−j1 D₂₄ 00011000 10001011 B₁₁ + B₁₈ 00100001 B₁₄ + B₂₃ −j−1j−1−j−1−j1 D₂₅ 00011001 11011011 B₁ + B₁₈ 10000001 B₁₁ + B₂₃ 1−j−1−j−j−1−j1 D₂₆ 00011010 01111011 B₄ + B₁₈ 11010001 B₁ + B₂₃ j1−j1−j−1−j1 D₂₇ 00011011 00101011 B₁₄ + B₁₈ 01110001 B₄ + B₂₃ −1j1j−j−1−j1 D₂₈ 00011100 11001111 B₃ + B₁₆ 10101001 B₁₀ + B₂₂ 1−jj−11−j−j1 D₂₉ 00011101 01011111 B₅ + B₁₆ 11001001 B₃ + B₂₂ j1−1−j1−j−j1 D₃₀ 00011110 00111111 B₁₂ + B₁₆ 01011001 B₅ + B₂₂ −1j−j11−j−j1 D₃₁ 00011111 10101111 B₁₀ + B₁₆ 00111001 B₁₂ + B₂₂ −j−11j1−j−j1 D₃₂ 00100000 01000111 B₇ + B₁₇ 01000111 B₇ + B₁₇ −11−1−1−1111 D₃₃ 00100001 10110111 B₈ + B₁₇ 01000111 B₇ + B₁₇ −jj−j−j−1111 D₃₄ 00100010 10110111 B₈ + B₁₇ 10110111 B₈ + B₁₇ 1−111−1111 D₃₅ 00100011 01000111 B₇ + B₁₇ 10110111 B₈ + B₁₇ j−jjj−1111 D₃₆ 00100100 10001011 B₁₁ + B₁₈ 01000111 B₇ + B₁₇ −jj−1−1−jj11 D₃₇ 00100101 10111011 B₈ + B₁₈ 10000111 B₁₁ + B₁₇ 1−1−j−j−jj11 D₃₈ 00100110 01111011 B₄ + B₁₈ 10110111 B₈ + B₁₇ j−j11−jj11 D₃₉ 00100111 01001011 B₇ + B₁₈ 01110111 B₄ + B₁₇ −11jj−jj11 D₄₀ 00101000 10001011 B₁₁ + B₁₈ 10001011 B₁₁ + B₁₈ 1−1−1−11−111 D₄₁ 00101001 01111011 B₄ + B₁₈ 10001011 B₁₁ + B₁₈ j−j−j−j1−111 D₄₂ 00101010 01111011 B₄ + B₁₈ 01111011 B₄ + B₁₈ −11111−111 D₄₃ 00101011 10001011 B₁₁ + B₁₈ 01111011 B₄ + B₁₈ −jjjj1−111 D₄₄ 00101100 01000111 B₇ + B₁₇ 10001011 B₁₁ + B₁₈ j−j−1−1j−j11 D₄₅ 00101101 01110111 B₄ + B₁₇ 01001011 B₇ + B₁₈ −11−j−jj−j11 D₄₆ 00101110 10110111 B₈ + B₁₇ 01111011 B₄ + B₁₈ −jj11j−j11 D₄₇ 00101111 10000111 B₁₁ + B₁₇ 10111011 B₈ + B₁₈ 1−1jjj−j11 D₄₈ 00110000 11101101 B₂ + B₂₀ 01000111 B₇ + B₁₇ −j1−j−1−j1j1 D₄₉ 00110001 10111101 B₈ + B₂₀ 11100111 B₂ + B₁₇ 1j1−j−j−j1 D₅₀ 00110010 00011101 B₃ + B₂₀ 10110111 B₈ + B₁₇ j−1j1−j1j1 D₅₁ 00110011 01001101 B₇ + B₂₀ 00010111 B₃ + B₁₇ −1−j−1j−j1j1 D₅₂ 00110100 10101001 B₁₀ + B₂₂ 11001111 B₃ + B₁₆ 1j−j−11jj1 D₅₃ 00110101 00111001 B₁₂ + B₂₂ 10101111 B₁₀ + B₁₆ j−11−j1jj1 D₅₄ 00110110 01011001 B₅ + B₂₂ 00111111 B₁₂ + B₁₆ −1−jj11jj1 D₅₅ 00110111 11001001 B₃ + B₂₂ 01011111 B₅ + B₁₆ −j1−1j1jj1 D₅₆ 00111000 00100001 B₁₄ + B₂₃ 10001011 B₁₁ + B₁₈ j−1−j−1j−1j1 D₅₇ 00111001 01110001 B₄ + B₂₃ 00101011 B₁₄ + B₁₈ −1−j1−jj−1j1 D₅₈ 00111010 11010001 B₁ + B₂₃ 01111011 B₄ + B₁₈ −j1j1j−1j1 D₅₉ 00111011 10000001 B₁₁ + B₂₃ 11011011 B₁ + B₁₈ 1j−1jj−1j1 D₆₀ 00111100 01100101 B₆ + B₂₁ 00000011 B₁₅ + B₁₉ −1−j−j−1−1−jj1 D₆₁ 00111101 11110101 B₀ + B₂₁ 01100011 B₆ + B₁₉ −j11−j−1−jj1 D₆₂ 00111110 10010101 B₉ + B₂₁ 11110011 B₀ + B₁₉ 1jj1−1−jj1 D₆₃ 00111111 00000101 B₁₅ + B₂₁ 10010011 B₉ + B₁₉ j−1−1j−1−jj1 IX CCK Decoder

A. Introduction

A fast correlator transform (FCT) kernel in accordance with the invention, can be used as a building block for a CCK decoder. For example, a FCT kernel can be applied and used to decode data using the IEEE 802.11b 11 Mbps signaling scheme. For the design, two correlators are preferably used. Since the signaling scheme is complex one correlator is used for the in-phase (I) channel, and another correlator is used for the quadrature phase (Q) channel. The input to each channel is the designated codeword for the transmitted data. Table 3 illustrates example input data and corresponding coded output.

TABLE 3 Input Data and CCK Coded Output Data (input) Inphase (output) Quadrature (output) 00000001 00011101 (B13+B20) 11101101 (B2+B20)

The CCK coded data for each channel is passed into its respective correlator for processing. The output of a branch correlator trellis preferably has a maximum value of 8 (with no noise in the system) that corresponds to a correlation with the input codeword. The value can be a ∓8 depending on the phase. The value is then magnitude squared, which will give one branch of the trellis a maximum value of 64. The in-phase and quadrature branches of the I and Q correlators are then paired together according to the CCK codeword in Table 2, above. These pairs, when combined, provide a maximum I²+Q² value of 128.

The CCK decoder works fine when there is a 0 or π phase rotation. A problem arises, however, when there is a π/2 or a 3π/2 phase rotation. The problem is described with the following example.

The base codeword Table 2, above, for the 11 Mbps CCK encoding scheme gives the pairs of codewords that correspond to a given input message. For 56 out of the possible 64 codewords, the encoded words on the I and Q channel are similar, except that they are on opposite channels. An example of two codewords are shown in Table 4 below.

TABLE 4 CCK Input and Encoded Data Data (input) Inphase (output) Quadrature (output) 00001100 11101101 (B2+B20) 00100001 (B14+B23) 00000100 00100001 (B14+B23) 11101101 (B2+B20)

The codewords for the two data symbols given in Table 4 are similar, but are on different channels. So if there is a π/2 or a 3π/2 phase shift from differentially encoding the transmitted data, then the I and Q channels will be swapped. This is illustrated in FIG. 9, which is a signal path diagram for an example CCK decoder output trellis, including an I signal path 902 and a Q signal path 904.

If the codewords received on the I signal path 902 and the Q signal path 904 are 11101101 and 00100001, respectively, then the maximum output will be 8 and will follow paths 906 a and 906 b, respectively. But if the codewords received on the I signal path 902 and the Q signal path 904 are swapped, then the maximum output will be 8 and will follow paths 908 a and 908 b, respectively, which correspond to different input data than paths 906 a and 906 b. This is acceptable if that is the intended path. But if there is a π/2 or a 3π/2 phase rotation, then the input words to the correlator are swapped on the I and Q channels, and the I or Q channel is inverted depending on what the phase rotation was. For these cases, if the input codewords before differential encoding correspond to the paths 906 a and 906 b, then the decoded data should be that which is associated with the paths 906 a and 906 b, not the paths 908 a and 908 b. Since the differential decoding process is typically performed after or during the correlation process, then the phase rotated symbols enter the correlator in that form. A determination should be made as to whether there was a phase rotation. Phase rotation can be discerned as follows. If there was a π/2 phase shift, the in-phase channel will be inverted. If there is a 3π/2 phase shift, the quadrature phase channel will be inverted.

FIG. 10 is a block diagram of an inverted channel detection circuit 1000 that can be used to determine if one of the channels was inverted. If both channels were inverted then there was a π phase shift and the data is decoded correctly, so this is of no consequence to the system.

X. CCK Correlator Optimizations

A. Introduction

A CCK parallel correlator in accordance with the invention can be optimized to reduce the number of adders in a Fast Correlator Transform (FCT) kernel. An initial complex correlation is presented below, followed by various optional optimizations that reduce the complexity of the initial complex correlation.

Table 6 lists 64 complex codewords that have coefficients with four possible values of +1, −1, +j, and −j. This means that either the real part or imaginary part of each coefficient is 0, but not both. Table 6 also lists corresponding codewords rotated by 45° to get the I, Q representation. Note that each coefficient in the I, Q representation has a magnitude of √{square root over (2)} since the four possible coefficients are now +1+j, +1−j, −1+j, and −1−j. Rotation of the coefficients is the key to simplification of the FCT.

Additional simplification is achieved by realizing that some intermediate results are the negative of other intermediate results at the same stage.

B. Initial Complex Correlation

An initial complex correlation of complex CCK codewords with complex inputs can be achieved from equation 12:

$\begin{matrix} {{{y(n)} = {\sum\limits_{k = 0}^{7}{{c^{*}(k)}{x\left( {n - k} \right)}}}}{where}{{c(k)} = {{c_{I}(k)} + {j\;{c_{Q}(k)}}}}{and}{{x(k)} = {{x_{I}(k)} + {j\;{{x_{Q}(k)}.}}}}} & \left( {{Eq}.\mspace{14mu} 12} \right) \end{matrix}$

Expanding out the complex product results in equation 13:

$\begin{matrix} {{y(n)} = {\begin{bmatrix} {{\sum\limits_{k = 0}^{7}{c_{I}(k)x_{I}\left( {n - k} \right)}} +} \\ {\sum\limits_{k = 0}^{7}{{c_{Q}(k)}{x_{Q}\left( {n - k} \right)}}} \end{bmatrix} + {j\begin{bmatrix} {{\sum\limits_{k = 0}^{7}{c_{I}(k)x_{Q}\left( {n - k} \right)}} -} \\ {\sum\limits_{k = 0}^{7}{{c_{Q}(k)}{x_{I}\left( {n - k} \right)}}} \end{bmatrix}}}} & \left( {{Eq}.\mspace{14mu} 13} \right) \end{matrix}$

FIG. 11 is a block diagram 1100 of the complex correlation of equation 12.

The resulting complex correlation of equation 12 includes four real correlates performed in parallel. Implementing the correlate equations of equation 12 results in 4×7+2=30 additions per codeword. For the 64 CCK codewords there are 64×30=1920 additions to implement all the required correlations. Since the real or imaginary part of each CCK complex coefficient is zero, the computation is reduced to 1920−(64×2×7)=1024.

C. Fast Correlator Transform (FCT)

A Fast Correlator Transform (FCT) can be used to reduce the computation by assuming the use of 45° rotated I, Q codewords shown in Table 6, below. To derive the 64 parallel correlates for all of the codewords, two substantially similar FCTs are preferred. One is for the real part of the input. The other is for the imaginary part of the input. FIG. 12 is a block diagram of an example FCT 1200. For a CCK with codeword size of 64 the FCT 1200 can be divided into several stages. For example, FIG. 13 illustrates a FCT 1300 that includes stages 1 a (1302), 1 b (1304), 2 a (1306), 2 b (1308), and 3 (1310), which are described below.

FIG. 14 is an example block diagram of stage 1 a of the FCT 1300. In the example of FIG. 14, the stage 1 a includes 2 additions and 6 subtractions, which implement the following: D ₀ =x ₀ +x ₁ , D ₁ =−x ₀ +x ₁ , D ₂ =x ₀ −x ₁ , D ₃ =−x ₀ −x ₁ D ₄ =x ₂ +x ₃ , D ₅ =−x ₂ +x ₃ , D ₆ =x ₂ −x ₃ , D ₇ =−x ₂ −x ₃.

FIG. 15 is an example block diagram of stage 1 b of the FCT 1300. In the example of FIG. 15, the stage 1 b includes 8 additions and subtractions, which implement the following: D ₈ =x ₄ +x ₅ , D ₉ =−x ₄ +x ₅ , D ₁₀ =x ₄ −x ₅ , D ₁₁ =−x ₄ −x ₅ D ₁₂ =x ₆ +x ₇ , D ₁₃ =−x ₆ +x ₇ , D ₁₄ =x ₆ −x ₇ , D ₅ =−x ₆ −x ₇.

FIG. 16 is an example block diagram of stage 2 a of the FCT 1300. In the example of FIG. 16, the stage 2 a includes 16 additions, which implement the following: B ₀ =D ₀ +D ₄ , B ₁ =D ₀ +D ₅ , B ₂ =D ₀ +D ₆ , B ₃ =D ₀ +D ₇ B ₄ =D ₁ +D ₄ , B ₅ =D ₁ +D ₅ , B ₆ =D ₁ +D ₆ , B ₇ =D ₁ +D ₇ B ₈ =D ₂ +D ₄ , B ₉ =D ₂ +D ₅ , B ₁₀ =D ₂ +D ₆ , B ₁₁ =D ₂ +D ₇ B ₁₂ =D ₃ +D ₄ , B ₁₃ =D ₃ +D ₅ , B ₁₄ =D ₃ +D ₆ , B ₁₅ =D ₃ +D ₇.

FIG. 17 is an example block diagram of stage 2 b of the FCT 1300. In the example of FIG. 17, the stage 2 b includes 16 additions, which implement the following:

B₁₆ = D₈ + D₁₂, B₁₇ = D₉ + D₁₂, B₁₈ = D₁₀ + D₁₂, B₁₉ = D₁₁ + D₁₂ B₂₀ = D₈ + D₁₃, B₂₁ = D₉ + D₁₃, B₂₂ = D₁₀ + D₁₃, B₂₃ = D₁₁ + D₁₃ B₂₄ = D₈ + D₁₄, B₂₅ = D₉ + D₁₄, B₂₆ = D₁₀ + D₁₄, B₂₇ = D₁₁ + D₁₄ B₂₈ = D₈ + D₁₅, B₂₉ = D₉ + D₁₅, B₃₀ = D₁₀ + D₁₅, B₃₁ = D₁₁ + D₁₅

Stage 3 of the FCT 1300 includes 64 additions for the I values and 64 additions for the Q values, as follows: I ₀ =B ₂ +B ₂₀ , I ₁ =B ₁₃ +B ₂₀ , I ₂ =B ₁₃ +B ₂₀ , I ₃ =B ₂ +B ₂₀ Q ₀ =B ₂ +B ₂₀ , Q ₁ =B ₂ +B ₂₀ , Q ₂ =B ₁₃ +B ₂₀ , Q ₃ =B ₁₃ +B ₂₀ I ₄ =B ₁₄ +B ₂₃ , I ₅ =B ₁₃ +B ₂₃ , I ₆ =B ₁ +B ₂₃ , I ₇ =B ₂ +B ₂₃ I ₄ =B ₁₄ +B ₂₃ , I ₅ =B ₁₃ +B ₂₃ , I ₆ =B ₁ +B ₂₃ , I ₇ =B ₂ +B ₂₃ Q ₄ =B ₂ +B ₂₀ , Q ₅ =B ₁₄ +B ₂₀ , Q ₆ =B ₁₃ +B ₂₀ , Q ₇ =B ₁ +B ₂₀ I ₈ =B ₁₄ +B ₂₃ , I ₉ =B ₁ +B ₂₃ , I ₁₀ =B ₁ +B ₂₃ , I ₁₁ =B ₁₄ +B ₂₃ Q ₈ =B ₁₄ +B ₂₃ , Q ₉ =B ₁₄ +B ₂₃ , Q ₁₀ =B ₁ +B ₂₃ , Q ₁₁ =B ₁ +B ₂₃ I ₁₂ =B ₂ +B ₂₀ , I ₁₃ =B ₁ +B ₂₀ , I ₁₄ =B ₁₃ +B ₂₀ , I ₁₅ =B ₁₄ +B ₂₀ Q ₁₂ =B ₁₄ +B ₂₃ , Q ₁₃ =B ₂ +B ₂₃ , Q ₁₄ =B ₁ +B ₂₃ , Q ₁₅ =B ₁₃ +B ₂₃ I ₁₆ =B ₇ +B ₁₇ , I ₁₇ =B ₁₃ +B ₁₇ , I ₁₈ =B ₈ +B ₁₇ , I ₁₉ =B ₂ +B ₁₇ Q ₁₆ =B ₂ +B ₂₀ , Q ₁₇ =B ₇ +B ₂₀ , Q ₁₈ =B ₁₃ +B ₂₀ , Q ₁₉ =B ₈ +B ₂₀ I ₂₀ =B ₁₅ +B ₁₉ , I ₂₁ =B ₉ +B ₁₉ , I ₂₂ =B ₀ +B ₁₉ , I ₂₃ =B ₆ +B ₁₉ Q ₂₀ =B ₆ +B ₂₁ , Q ₂₁ =B ₁₅ +B ₂₁ , Q ₂₂ =B ₉ +B ₂₁ , Q ₂₃ =B ₀ +B ₂₁ I ₂₄ =B ₁₁ +B ₁₈ , I ₂₅ =B ₁ +B ₁₈ , I ₂₆ =B ₄ +B ₁₈ , I ₂₇ =B ₁₄ +B ₁₈ Q ₂₄ =B ₁₄ +B ₂₃ , Q ₂₅ =B ₁₁ +B ₂₃ , Q ₂₆ =B ₁ +B ₂₃ , Q ₂₇ =B ₄ +B ₂₃ I ₂₈ =B ₃ +B ₁₆ , I ₂₉ =B ₅ +B ₁₆ , I ₃₀ =B ₁₂ +B ₁₆ , I ₃₁ =B ₁₀ +B ₁₆ Q ₂₈ =B ₁₀ +B ₂₂ , Q ₂₉ =B ₃ +B ₂₂ , Q ₃₀ =B ₅ +B ₂₂ , Q ₃₁ =B ₁₂ +B ₂₂ I ₃₂ =B ₇ +B ₁₇ , I ₃₃ =B ₈ +B ₁₇ , I ₃₄ =B ₈ +B ₁₇ , I ₃₅ =B ₇ +B ₁₇ Q ₃₂ =B ₇ +B ₁₇ , Q ₃₃ =B ₇ +B ₁₇ , Q ₃₄ =B ₈ +B ₁₇ , Q ₃₅ =B ₈ +B ₁₇ I ₃₆ =B ₁₁ +B ₁₈ , I ₃₇ =B ₈ +B ₁₈ , I ₃₈ =B ₄ +B ₁₈ , I ₃₉ =B ₇ +B ₁₈ Q ₃₆ =B ₇ +B ₁₇ , Q ₃₇ =B ₁₁ +B ₁₇ , Q ₃₈ =B ₈ +B ₁₇ , Q ₃₉ =B ₄ +B ₁₇ I ₄₀ =B ₁₁ +B ₁₈ , I ₄₁ =B ₄ +B ₁₈ , I ₄₂ =B ₄ +B ₁₈ , I ₄₃ =B ₁₁ +B ₁₈ Q ₄₀ =B ₁₁ +B ₁₈ , Q ₄₁ =B ₁₁ +B ₁₈ , Q ₄₂ =B ₄ +B ₁₈ , Q ₄₃ =B ₄ +B ₁₈ I ₄₄ =B ₇ +B ₁₇ , I ₄₅ =B ₄ +B ₁₇ , I ₄₆ =B ₁₁ +B ₁₇ , I ₄₇ =B ₁₁ +B ₁₇ Q ₄₄ =B ₁₁ +B ₁₈ , Q ₄₅ =B ₇ +B ₁₈ , Q ₄₆ =B ₄ +B ₁₈ , Q ₄₇ =B ₈ +B ₁₈ I ₄₈ =B ₂ +B ₂₀ , I ₄₉ =B ₈ +B ₂₀ , I ₅₀ =B ₁₃ +B ₂₀ , I ₅₁ =B ₇ +B ₂₀ Q ₄₈ =B ₇ +B ₁₇ , Q ₄₉ =B ₂ +B ₁₇ , Q ₅₀ =B ₂ +B ₁₇ , Q ₅₁ =B ₁₃ +B ₁₇ I ₅₂ =B ₁₀ +B ₂₂ , I ₅₃ =B ₁₂ +B ₂₂ , I ₅₄ =B ₅ +B ₂₂ , I ₅₅ =B ₃ +B ₂₂ Q ₅₂ =B ₃ +B ₁₆ , Q ₅₃ =B ₁₀ +B ₁₆ , Q ₅₄ =B ₁₂ +B ₁₆ , Q ₅₅ =B ₅ +B ₁₆ I ₅₆ =B ₁₄ +B ₂₃ , I ₅₇ =B ₄ +B ₂₃ , I ₅₈ =B ₁ +B ₂₂ , I ₅₉ =B ₁₁ +B ₂₃ Q ₅₆ =B ₁₁ +B ₁₈ , Q ₅₇ =B ₁₄ +B ₁₈ , Q ₅₈ =B ₄ +B ₁₈ , Q ₅₉ =B ₁ +B ₁₈ I ₆₀ =B ₆ +B ₂₁ , I ₆₁ =B ₀ +B ₂₁ , I ₆₂ =B ₉ +B ₂₁ , I ₆₃ =B ₁₅ +B ₂₁ Q ₆₀ =B ₁₅ +B ₁₉ , Q ₆₁ =B ₆ +B ₁₉ , Q ₆₂ =B ₀ +B ₁₉ , Q ₆₃ =B ₉ +B ₁₉

Stage 3 can be optimized by noting that there are 40 distinct values for I and Q which are A ₀ =B ₂ +B ₂₀ , A ₁ =B ₁₃ +B ₂₀ , A ₂ =B ₁₄ +B ₂₃ , A ₃ =B ₁₃ +B ₂₃ A ₄ =B ₁₄ +B ₂₀ , A ₅ =B ₁ +B ₂₃ , A ₆ =B ₂ +B ₂₃ , A ₇ =B ₁ +B ₂₀ A ₈ =B ₇ +B ₁₇ , A ₉ =B ₁₃ +B ₁₇ , A ₁₀ =B ₇ +B ₂₀ , A ₁₁ =B ₈ +B ₁₇ A ₁₂ =B ₂ +B ₁₇ , A ₁₃ =B ₈ +B ₂₀ , A ₁₄ =B ₁₅ +B ₁₉ , A ₁₅ =B ₆ +B ₂₁ A ₁₆ =B ₉ +B ₁₉ , A ₁₇ =B ₁₅ +B ₁₉ , A ₁₈ =B ₀ +B ₁₉ , A ₁₉ =B ₉ +B ₂₁ A ₂₀ =B ₆ +B ₁₉ , A ₂₁ =B ₀ +B ₂₁ , A ₂₂ =B ₁₁ +B ₁₈ , A ₂₃ =B ₁ +B ₁₈ A ₂₄ =B ₁₁ +B ₂₃ , A ₂₅ =B ₄ +B ₁₈ , A ₂₆ =B ₁₄ +B ₁₈ , A ₂₇ =B ₄ +B ₂₃ A ₂₈ =B ₃ +B ₁₆ , A ₂₉ =B ₁₀ +B ₂₂ , A ₃₀ =B ₅ +B ₁₆ , A ₃₁ =B ₃ +B ₂₂ A ₃₂ =B ₁₂ +B ₁₆ , A ₃₃ =B ₅ +B ₂₂ , A ₃₄ =B ₁₀ +B ₁₆ , A ₃₅ =B ₁₂ +B ₂₂ A ₃₆ =B ₈ +B ₁₈ , A ₃₇ =B ₁₁ +B ₁₇ , A ₃₈ =B ₇ +B ₁₈ , A ₃₉ =B ₄ +B ₁₇.

FIG. 18 is a block diagram of an example system 1800 that calculates the 40 A_(n) values. The 40 A_(n) values are used to calculate the final 64 output values and are described below.

Further optimization of the FCT 1300 can be achieved by considering the relationship: B _(n) =−B _(15-n), 8≦n≦15  (Eq. 14)

The relationship of equation 14 eliminates the need to calculate the eight values of B_(n) for 8≦n≦15, and the intermediate results D₂ and D₃. Thus, 8+2=10 additions can be removed and be replaced by 10 negates of the samples, or subtraction instead of addition at the next processing stage.

Because c₇ is always 1, calculation of B₂₄ . . . B₃₁ can eliminate the following eight additions:

B₂₄ = D₈ + D₁₄, B₂₅ = D₉ + D₁₄, B₂₆ = D₁₀ + D₁₄, B₂₇ = D₁₁ + D₁₄ B₂₈ = D₈ + D₁₅, B₂₉ = D₉ + D₁₅, B₃₀ = D₁₀ + D₁₅, B₃₁ = D₁₁ + D₁₅ and, consequently, the following two additions: D ₁₄ =x ₆ −x ₇ , D ₁₅ =−x ₆ −x ₇,

Four more additions can be removed by considering that: D ₆ =−D ₅ , D ₇ =−D ₄ , D ₁₀ =−D ₉ , D ₁₁ =−D ₈

Table 6 shows the 64 correlate outputs as a function of B₀ . . . B₇ and B₁₆ . . . B₂₃. Note that 40 distinct summations, or subtractions, are used to calculate the 128 results in the final stage. FIG. 19 is a block diagram of connection stages 1 a, 1 b, 2 a, 2 b, and 3 for an example simplified architecture FCT 1900. Note the reduction in states between stages from the FCT 1300 in FIG. 13 and the FCT 1900 in FIG. 19. The FCT 1900 includes stages 1 a (1902), 1 b (1904), 2 a (1906), 2 c (1908), and 3 (1910), which are described below.

FIG. 20 is an example block diagram of the stage 1 a of the FCT 1900. In the example of FIG. 20, stage 1 a includes 4 additions and subtractions, which implement the following: D ₀ =x ₀ +x ₁ , D ₁ =−x ₀ +x ₁ D ₄ =x ₂ +x ₃ , D ₅ =−x ₂ +x ₃

FIG. 21 is an example block diagram of the stage 1 b of the FCT 1900. In the example of FIG. 21, stage 1 b includes 4 additions or subtractions, which implement the following: D ₈ =x ₄ +x ₅ , D ₉ =−x ₄ +x ₅ D ₁₂ =x ₆ +x ₇ , D ₁₃ =−x ₆ +x ₇

FIG. 22 is an example block diagram of stage 2 a of the FCT 1900. In the example of FIG. 22, stage 2 a includes 8 additions or subtractions, which implement the following: B ₀ =D ₀ +D ₄ , B ₁ =D ₀ +D ₅ , B ₂ =D ₀ −D ₅ , B ₃ =D ₀ −D ₄ B ₄ =D ₁ +D ₄ , B ₅ =D ₁ +D ₅ , B ₆ =D ₁ −D ₅ , B ₇ =D ₁ −D ₄

FIG. 23 is an example block diagram of stage 2 b of the FCT 1900. In the example of FIG. 23, stage 2 b includes 8 additions, which implement the following:

B₁₆ = D₈ + D₁₂, B₁₇ = D₉ + D₁₂, B₁₈ = −D₉ + D₁₂, B₁₉ = −D₈ + D₁₂ B₂₀ = D₈ + D₁₃, B₂₁ = D₉ + D₁₃, B₂₂ = −D₉ + D₁₃, B₂₃ = −D₈ + D₁₃

FIGS. 24A and 24B illustrate an example block diagram of stage 3 of the FCT 1900. In the example of FIGS. 24A and 24B, stage 3 includes 40 additions or subtractions, which implement the following:

A₀ = B₂ + B₂₀, A₁ = −B₂ + B₂₀, A₂ = −B₁ + B₂₃, A₃ = −B₂ + B₂₃ A₄ = −B₁ + B₂₀, A₅ = B₁ + B₂₃, A₆ = B₂ + B₂₃, A₇ = B₁ + B₂₀ A₈ = B₇ + B₁₇, A₉ = −B₂ + B₁₇, A₁₀ = B₇ + B₂₀, A₁₁ = −B₇ + B₁₇ A₁₂ = B₂ + B₁₇, A₁₃ = −B₇ + B₂₀, A₁₄ = −B₀ + B₁₉, A₁₅ = B₆ + B₂₁ A₁₆ = −B₆ + B₁₉, A₁₇ = −B₀ + B₂₁, A₁₈ = B₀ + B₁₉, A₁₉ = −B₆ + B₂₁ A₂₀ = B₆ + B₁₉, A₂₁ = B₀ + B₂₁, A₂₂ = −B₄ + B₁₈, A₂₃ = B₁ + B₁₈ A₂₄ = −B₄ + B₂₃, A₂₅ = B₄ + B₁₈, A₂₆ = −B₁ + B₁₈, A₂₇ = B₄ + B₂₃ A₂₈ = B₃ + B₁₆, A₂₉ = −B₅ + B₂₂A₃₀ = B₅ + B₁₆, A₃₁ = B₃ + B₂₂ A₃₂ = −B₃ + B₁₆, A₃₃ = B₅ + B₂₂, A₃₄ = −B₅ + B₁₆, A₃₅ = −B₃ + B₂₂ A₃₆ = −B₇ + B₁₈, A₃₇ = −B₄ + B₁₇, A₃₈ = B₇ + B₁₈, A₃₉ = B₄ + B₁₇

Final outputs are calculated using 128 additions or subtractions.

Y_(I 0) = A_(I 0) + A_(Q 0), Y_(Q 0) = A_(Q 0) − A_(I 0), Y_(I 1) = A_(I 1) + A_(Q 0), Y_(Q 1) = A_(Q 1) − A_(I 0) Y_(I 2) = A_(I 1) + A_(Q 1), Y_(Q 2) = A_(Q 1) − A_(I 1), Y_(I 3) = A_(I 0) + A_(Q 1), Y_(Q 3) = A_(Q 0) − A_(I 1) Y_(I 4) = A_(I 2) + A_(Q 0), Y_(Q 4) = A_(Q 2) − A_(I 0), Y_(I 5) = A_(I 3) + A_(Q 4), Y_(Q 5) = A_(Q 3) − A_(I 4) Y_(I 6) = A_(I 5) + A_(Q 1), Y_(Q 6) = A_(Q 5) − A_(I 1), Y_(I 7) = A_(I 6) + A_(Q 7), Y_(Q 7) = A_(Q 6) − A_(I 7) Y_(I 8) = A_(I 2) + A_(Q 2), Y_(Q 8) = A_(Q 2) − A_(I 2), Y_(I 9) = A_(I 5) + A_(Q 2), Y_(Q 9) = A_(Q 5) − A_(I 2) Y_(I 10) = A_(I 5) + A_(Q 5), Y_(Q 10) = A_(Q 5) − A_(I 5), Y_(I 11) = A_(I 2) + A_(Q 5), Y_(Q 11) = A_(Q 2) − A_(I 5) Y_(I 12) = A_(I 0) + A_(Q 2), Y_(Q 12) = A_(Q 0) − A_(I 2), Y_(I 13) = A_(I 7) + A_(Q 6), Y_(Q 13) = A_(Q 7) − A_(I 6) Y_(I 14) = A_(I 1) + A_(Q 5), Y_(Q 14) = A_(Q 1) − A_(I 5), Y_(I 15) = A_(I 4) + A_(Q 3), Y_(Q 15) = A_(Q 4) − A_(I 3) Y_(I 16) = A_(I 8) + A_(Q 0), Y_(Q 16) = A_(Q 8) − A_(I 0), Y_(I 17) = A_(I 9) + A_(Q 10), Y_(Q 17) = A_(Q 9) − A_(I 1 0) Y_(I 1 8) = A_(I 11) + A_(Q 1), Y_(Q 1 8) = A_(Q 11) − A_(I 1), Y_(I 19) = A_(I 12) + A_(Q 13), Y_(Q 19) = A_(Q 12) − A_(I 13) Y_(I 20) = A_(I 14) + A_(Q 15), Y_(Q 20) = A_(Q 14) − A_(I 15), Y_(I 21) = A_(I 16) + A_(Q 17), Y_(Q 21) = A_(Q 16) − A_(I 17) Y_(I 22) = A_(I 18) + A_(Q 19), Y_(Q 22) = A_(Q 18) − A_(I 19), Y_(I 23) = A_(I 20) + A_(Q 21), Y_(Q 23) = A_(Q 20) − A_(I 21) Y_(I 24) = A_(I 22) + A_(Q 2), Y_(Q 24) = A_(Q 22) − A_(I 2), Y_(I 25) = A_(I 23) + A_(Q 24), Y_(Q 25) = A_(Q 23) − A_(I 24) Y_(I 26) = A_(I 25) + A_(Q 5), Y_(Q 26) = A_(Q 25) − A_(I 5), Y_(I 27) = A_(I 26) + A_(Q 27), Y_(Q 27) = A_(Q 26) − A_(I 27) Y_(I 28) = A_(I 28) + A_(Q 29), Y_(Q 28) = A_(Q 28) − A_(I 29), Y_(I 29) = A_(I 30) + A_(Q 31), Y_(Q 29) = A_(Q 30) − A_(I 31) Y_(I 30) = A_(I 32) + A_(Q 33), Y_(Q 30) = A_(Q 32) − A_(I 33), Y_(I 31) = A_(I 34) + A_(Q 35), Y_(Q 31) = A_(Q 43) − A_(I 35) Y_(I 32) = A_(I 8) + A_(Q 8), Y_(Q 32) = A_(Q 8) − A_(I 8), Y_(I 33) = A_(I 11) + A_(Q 8), Y_(Q 33) = A_(Q 11) − A_(I 8) Y_(I 34) = A_(I 11) + A_(Q 11), Y_(Q 34) = A_(Q 11) − A_(I 11), Y_(I 35) = A_(I 8) + A_(Q 11), Y_(Q 35) = A_(Q 8) − A_(I 11) Y_(I 36) = A_(I 22) + A_(Q 8), Y_(Q 36) = A_(Q 22) − A_(I 8), Y_(I 37) = A_(I 36) + A_(Q 37), Y_(Q 37) = A_(Q 36) − A_(I 37) Y_(I 38) = A_(I 25) + A_(Q 11), Y_(Q 38) = A_(Q 25) − A_(I 11), Y_(I 39) = A_(I 38) + A_(Q 39), Y_(Q 39) = A_(Q 38) − A_(I 39) Y_(I 40) = A_(I 22) + A_(Q 22), Y_(Q 40) = A_(Q 22) − A_(I 22), Y_(I 41) = A_(I 25) + A_(Q 22), Y_(Q 41) = A_(Q 25) − A_(I 22) Y_(I 42) = A_(I 25) + A_(Q 25), Y_(Q 42) = A_(Q 25) − A_(I 25), Y_(I 43) = A_(I 22) + A_(Q 25), Y_(Q 43) = A_(Q 22) − A_(I 25) Y_(I 44) = A_(I 8) + A_(Q 22), Y_(Q 44) = A_(Q 8) − A_(I 22), Y_(I 45) = A_(I 39) + A_(Q 38), Y_(Q 45) = A_(Q 39) − A_(I 38) Y_(I 46) = A_(I 11) + A_(Q 25), Y_(Q 46) = A_(Q 11) − A_(I 25), Y_(I 47) = A_(I 37) + A_(Q 36), Y_(Q 47) = A_(Q 37) − A_(I 36) Y_(I 48) = A_(I 0) + A_(Q 8), Y_(Q 48) = A_(Q 0) − A_(I 8), Y_(I 49) = A_(I 13) + A_(Q 12), Y_(Q 49) = A_(Q 13) − A_(I 12) Y_(I 50) = A_(I 1) + A_(Q 11), Y_(Q 50) = A_(Q 1) − A_(I 11), Y_(I 51) = A_(I 10) + A_(Q 9), Y_(Q 51) = A_(Q 10) − A_(I 9) Y_(I 52) = A_(I 29) + A_(Q 28), Y_(Q 52) = A_(Q 29) − A₂₈, Y_(I 53) = A_(I 35) + A_(Q 34), Y_(Q 53) = A_(Q 35) − A₃₄ Y_(I 54) = A_(I 33) + A_(Q 32), Y_(Q 54) = A_(Q 33) − A₃₂, Y_(I 55) = A_(I 31) + A_(Q 30), Y_(Q 55) = A_(Q 31) − A₃₀ Y_(I 56) = A_(I 2) + A_(Q 22), Y_(Q 56) = A_(Q 2) − A₂₂, Y_(I 57) = A_(I 27) + A_(Q 26), Y_(Q 57) = A_(Q 27) − A₂₆ Y_(I 58) = A_(I 5) + A_(Q 25), Y_(Q 58) = A_(Q 5) − A₂₅, Y_(I 59) = A_(I 24) + A_(Q 23), Y_(Q 59) = A_(Q 24) − A₂₃ Y_(I 60) = A_(I 15) + A_(Q 14), Y_(Q 60) = A_(Q 15) − A₁₄, Y_(I 61) = A_(I 21) + A_(Q 20), Y_(Q 61) = A_(Q 21) − A₂₀ Y_(I 62) = A_(I 19) + A_(Q 18), Y_(Q 62) = A_(Q 19) − A₁₈, Y_(I 63) = A_(I 17) + A_(Q 16), Y_(Q 63) = A_(Q 17) − A₁₆

The number of adders in the final stage can be reduced by almost half from 128 to 72 by sharing adders. The adders are shared between codewords that are complex conjugates pairs as listed in Table 5. There are a total of 36 complex conjugate pairs where 8 of the codewords are complex conjugates of themselves (real coefficients). Consider, as an example, the pair of codeword 1 and codeword 3, from Table 5, with the following output equations: Y _(I1) =A _(I1) +A _(Q0) , Y _(Q1) =A _(Q1) −A _(I0)  (Eq. 15) Y _(I3) =A _(I0) +A _(Q1) , Y _(Q3) =A _(Q0) −A _(I1)  (Eq. 16)

The four additions, or subtractions, can be reduced to two additions by using the architecture shown in FIG. 18. A control signal sets the branches shown to opposite signs and the registers are loaded on opposite edges of the clock. Outputs include four output values stored in the four registers. This structure is repeated 36 times for each of the conjugate a, b codeword pairs in Table 5.

To summarize, the total number of complex additions, or subtractions, for the simplified parallel correlator 1900 are:

-   -   Stage #1=8     -   Stage #2=16     -   Stage #3=40+36=76     -   ----------------------------     -   TOTAL=100

TABLE 5 Codeword Conjugate Pairs Codeword Codeword Index a Index b 0 — 1 3 2 — 4 12 5 15 6 14 7 13 8 — 9 11 10 — 16 48 17 51 18 50 19 49 20 60 21 63 22 62 23 61 24 56 25 59 26 58 27 57 28 52 29 55 30 54 31 53 32 — 33 35 34 — 36 44 37 47 38 46 39 45 40 — 41 43 42 —

D. FCT Based on CCK Code Properties

Another less complex embodiment can be derived by considering the equations for generating the CCK correlation output: d=c ₇ x ₇ +c ₆ x ₆ +c ₅ x ₅ +c ₄ x ₄ +c ₃ x ₃ +c ₂ x ₂ +c ₁ x ₁ +c ₀ x ₀  (Eq. 16)

where c₇, c₆, c₅, c₄, c₃, c₂, c₁, c₀ are the complex coefficients and x₇, x₆, x₅, x₄, x₃, x₂, x₁, x₀ are the complex input buffer samples. The codewords can be uniquely defined by the three coefficients, c₆, c₅, c₃, with the other coefficients defined by c₀=c₆c₅c₃ c₁=c₅c₃ c₂=c₆c₃ c₄=c₆c₅ c₇=1

Thus, after substituting coefficient relationships and rearranging, the correlation output becomes: d=x ₇ +c ₆ x ₆ +c ₅(x ₅ −c ₆ x ₄)+c ₃ {x ₃ +c ₆ x ₂ +c ₅ [x ₁ +c ₆ x ₀]}  (Eq. 17)

For correlation with a single codeword, the resulting structure for equation 170 is shown in FIG. 25.

The FCT is derived from the single correlate by converting each coefficient branch, starting at the input, to a positive and negative branch. The resulting structure is shown in FIGS. 26 and 27.

Stage 1 consists of 4 additions or subtractions. D ₀ =x ₀ +x ₁ , D ₁ =−x ₀ +x ₁, D₂=x₂, D₃=x₃ D ₄ =x ₄ +x ₅ , D ₅ =−x ₄ +x ₅, D₆=x₆, D₇=x₇

Stage 2 consists of 8 additions or subtractions. E ₀ =D ₀ +D ₂ , E ₁ =D ₂ −D ₀ , E ₂ =D ₁ +D ₂ , E ₃ =D ₁ −D ₂ E ₄ =D ₄ +D ₆ , E ₅ =D ₆ −D ₄ , E ₆ =D ₅ +D ₆ , E ₇ =D ₅ −D ₆

Stage 3 consists of 16 additions or subtractions.

B₀ = E₀ + D₃, −B₃ = E₁ + D₃, −B₂ = −E₀ + D₃, B₁ = −E₁ + D₃ B₄ = E₂ + D₃, B₅ = E₃ + D₃, −B₆ = −E₂ + D₃, −B₇ = −E₃ + D₃ B₁₆ = E₄ + D₇, B₁₈ = E₅ + D₇, B₂₃ = −E₄ + D₇, B₂₀ = −E₅ + D₇ B₁₇ = E₆ + D₇, B₂₁ = E₇ + D₇, B₂₂ = −E₆ + D₇, B₁₈ = −E₇ + D₇

Stage 4 consists of 40 additions or subtractions.

A₀ = B₂ + B₂₀, A₁ = −B₂ + B₂₀, A₂ = −B₁ + B₂₃, A₃ = −B₂ + B₂₃ A₄ = −B₁ + B₂₀, A₅ = B₁ + B₂₃, A₆ = B₂ + B₂₃, A₇ = B₁ + B₂₀ A₈ = B₇ + B₁₇, A₉ = −B₂ + B₁₇, A₁₀ = B₇ + B₂₀, A₁₁ = −B₇ + B₁₇ A₁₂ = B₂ + B₁₇, A₁₃ = −B₇ + B₂₀, A₁₄ = −B₀ + B₁₉, A₁₅ = B₆ + B₂₁ A₁₆ = −B₆ + B₁₉, A₁₇ = −B₀ + B₂₁, A₁₈ = B₀ + B₁₉, A₁₉ = −B₆ + B₂₁ A₂₀ = B₆ + B₁₉, A₂₁ = B₀ + B₂₁, A₂₂ = −B₄ + B₁₈, A₂₃ = B₁ + B₁₈ A₂₄ = −B₄ + B₂₃, A₂₅ = B₄ + B₁₈, A₂₆ = −B₁ + B₁₈, A₂₇ = B₄ + B₂₃ A₂₈ = B₃ + B₁₆, A₂₉ = −B₅ + B₂₂A₃₀ = B₅ + B₁₆, A₃₁ = B₃ + B₂₂ A₃₂ = −B₃ + B₁₆, A₃₃ = B₅ + B₂₂, A₃₄ = −B₅ + B₁₆, A₃₅ = −B₃ + B₂₂ A₃₆ = −B₇ + B₁₈, A₃₇ = −B₄ + B₁₇, A₃₈ = B₇ + B₁₈, A₃₉ = B₄ + B₁₇

TABLE 6 Complex Index Bits Codeword I, Q Codeword I, Q Combo 0 000000 +1+1+1−1+1+1−1+1 +1+1+1−1+1+1−1+1  B2+B20 +1+1+1−1+1+1−1+1  B2+B20 1 000001 +j+j+j−j+1+1−1+1 −1−1−1+1+1+1−1+1 −B2+B20 +1+1+1−1+1+1−1+1  B2+B20 2 000010 −1−1−1+1+1+1−1+1 −1−1−1+1+1+1−1+1 −B2+B20 −1−1−1+1+1+1−1+1 −B2+B20 3 000011 −j−j−j+j+1+1−1+1 +1+1+1−1+1+1−1+1  B2+B20 −1−1−1+1+1+1−1+1 −B2+B20 4 000100 +j+j+1−1+j+j−1+1 −1−1+1−1−1−1−1+1 −B1+B23 +1+1+1−1+1+1−1+1  B2+B20 5 000101 −1−1+j−j+j+j−1+1 −1−1−1+1−1−1−1+1 −B2+B23 −1−1+1−1+1+1−1+1 −B1+B20 6 000110 −j−j−1+1+j+j−1+1 +1+1−1+1−1−1−1+1  B1+B23 −1−1−1+1+1+1−1+1 −B2+B20 7 000111 +1+1−j+j+j+j−1+1 +1+1+1−1−1−1−1+1  B2+B23 +1+1−1+1+1+1−1+1  B1+B20 8 001000 −1−1+1−1−1−1−1+1 −1−1+1−1−1−1−1+1 −B1+B23 −1−1+1−1−1−1−1+1 −B1+B23 9 001001 −j−j+j−j−1−1−1+1 +1+1−1+1−1−1−1+1  B1+B23 −1−1+1−1−1−1−1+1 −B1+B23 10 001010 +1+1−1+1−1−1−1+1 +1+1−1+1−1−1−1+1  B1+B23 +1+1−1+1−1−1−1+1  B1+B23 11 001011 +j+j−j+j−1−1−1+1 −1−1+1−1−1−1−1+1 −B1+B23 +1+1−1+1−1−1−1+1  B1+B23 12 001100 −j−j+1−1−j−j−1+1 +1+1+1−1+1+1−1+1  B2+B20 −1−1+1−1−1−1−1+1 −B1+B23 13 001101 +1+1+j−j−j−j−1+1 +1+1−1+1+1+1−1+1  B1+B20 +1+1+1−1−1−1−1+1  B2+B23 14 001110 +j+j−1+1−j−j−1+1 −1−1−1+1+1+1−1+1 −B2+B20 +1+1−1+1−1−1−1+1  B1+B23 15 001111 −1−1−j+j−j−j−1+1 −1−1+1−1+1+1−1+1 −B1+B20 −1−1−1+1−1−1−1+1 −B2+B23 16 010000 +j+1+j−1+j+1−j+1 −1+1−1−1−1+1+1+1  B7+B17 +1+1+1−1+1+1−1+1  B2+B20 17 010001 −1+j−1−j+j+1−j+1 −1−1−1+1−1+1+1+1 −B2+B17 −1+1−1−1+1+1−1+1  B7+B20 18 010010 −j−1−j+1+j+1−j+1 +1−1+1+1−1+1+1+1 −B7+B17 −1−1−1+1+1+1−1+1 −B2+B20 19 010011 +1−j+1+j+j+1−j+1 +1+1+1−1−1+1+1+1  B2+B17 +1−1+1+1+1+1−1+1 −B7+B20 20 010100 −1+j+j−1−1+j−j+1 −1−1−1−1−1−1+1+1 −B0+B19 −1+1+1−1−1+1−1+1  B6+B21 21 010101 −j−1−1−j−1+j−j+1 +1−1−1+1−1−1+1+1 −B6+B19 −1−1−1−1−1+1−1+1 −B0+B21 22 010110 +1−j−j+1−1+j−j+1 +1+1+1+1−1−1+1+1  B0+B19 +1−1−1+1−1+1−1+1 −B6+B21 23 010111 +j+1+1+j−1+j−j+1 −1+1+1−1−1−1+1+1  B6+B19 +1+1+1+1−1+1−1+1  B0+B21 24 011000 −j−1+j−1−j−1−j+1 +1−1−1−1+1−1+1+1 −B4+B18 −1−1+1−1−1−1−1+1 −B1+B23 25 011001 +1−j−1−j−j−1−j+1 +1+1−1+1+1−1+1+1  B1+B18 +1−1−1−1−1−1−1+1 −B4+B23 26 011010 +j+1−j+1−j−1−j+1 −1+1+1+1+1−1+1+1  B4+B18 +1+1−1+1−1−1−1+1  B1+B23 27 011011 −1+j+1+j−j−1−j+1 −1−1+1−1+1−1+1+1 −B1+B18 −1+1+1+1−1−1−1+1  B4+B23 28 011100 +1−j+j−1+1−j−j+1 +1+1−1−1+1+1+1+1  B3+B16 +1−1+1−1+1−1−1+1 −B5+B22 29 011101 +j+1−1−j+1−j−j+1 −1+1−1+1+1+1+1+1  B5+B16 +1+1−1−1+1−1−1+1  B3+B22 30 011110 −1+j−j+1+1−j−j+1 −1−1+1+1+1+1+1+1 −B3+B16 −1+1−1+1+1−1−1+1  B5+B22 31 011111 −j−1+1+j+1−j−j+1 +1−1+1−1+1+1+1+1 −B5+B16 −1−1+1+1+1−1−1+1 −B3+B22 32 100000 −1+1−1−1−1+1+1+1 −1+1−1−1−1+1+1+1  B7+B17 −1+1−1−1−1+1+1+1  B7+B17 33 100001 −j+j−j−j−1+1+1+1 +1−1+1+1−1+1+1+1 −B7+B17 −1+1−1−1−1+1+1+1  B7+B17 34 100010 +1−1+1+1−1+1+1+1 +1−1+1+1−1+1+1+1 −B7+B17 +1−1+1+1−1+1+1+1 −B7+B17 35 100011 +j−j+j+j−1+1+1+1 −1+1−1−1−1+1+1+1  B7+B17 +1−1+1+1−1+1+1+1 −B7+B17 36 100100 −j+j−1−1−j+j+1+1 +1−1−1−1+1−1+1+1 −B4+B18 −1+1−1−1−1+1+1+1  B7+B17 37 100101 +1−1−j−j−j+j+1+1 +1−1+1+1+1−1+1+1 −B7+B18 +1−1−1−1−1+1+1+1 −B4+B17 38 100110 +j−j+1+1−j+j+1+1 −1+1+1+1+1−1+1+1  B4+B18 +1−1+1+1−1+1+1+1 −B7+B17 39 100111 −1+1+j+j−j+j+1+1 −1+1−1−1+1−1+1+1  B7+B18 −1+1+1+1−1+1+1+1  B4+B17 40 101000 +1−1−1−1+1−1+1+1 +1−1−1−1+1−1+1+1 −B4+B18 +1−1−1−1+1−1+1+1 −B4+B18 41 101001 +j−j−j−j+1−1+1+1 −1+1+1+1+1−1+1+1  B4+B18 +1−1−1−1+1−1+1+1 −B4+B18 42 101010 −1+1+1+1+1−1+1+1 −1+1+1+1+1−1+1+1  B4+B18 −1+1+1+1+1−1+1+1  B4+B18 43 101011 −j+j+j+j+1−1+1+1 +1−1−1−1+1−1+1+1 −B4+B18 −1+1+1+1+1−1+1+1  B4+B18 44 101100 +j−j−1−1+j−j+1+1 −1+1−1−1−1+1+1+1  B7+B17 +1−1−1−1+1−1+1+1 −B4+B18 45 101101 −1+1−j−j+j−j+1+1 −1+1+1+1−1+1+1+1  B4+B17 −1+1−1−1+1−1+1+1  B7+B18 46 101110 −j+j+1+1+j−j+1+1 +1−1+1+1−1+1+1+1 −B7+B17 −1+1+1+1+1−1+1+1  B4+B18 47 101111 +1−1+j+j+j−j+1+1 +1−1−1−1−1+1+1+1 −B4+B17 +1−1+1+1+1−1+1+1 −B7+B18 48 110000 −j+1−j−1−j+1+j+1 +1+1+1−1+1+1−1+1  B2+B20 −1+1−1−1−1+1+1+1  B7+B17 49 110001 +1+j+1−j−j+1+j+1 +1−1+1+1+1+1−1+1 −B7+B20 +1+1+1−1−1+1+1+1  B2+B17 50 110010 +j−1+j+1−j+1+j+1 −1−1−1+1+1+1−1+1 −B2+B20 +1−1+1+1−1+1+1+1 −B7+B17 51 110011 −1−j−1+j−j+1+j+1 −1+1−1−1+1+1−1+1  B7+B20 −1−1−1+1−1+1+1+1 −B2+B17 52 110100 +1+j−j−1+1+j+j+1 +1−1+1−1+1−1−1+1 −B5+B22 +1+1−1−1+1+1+1+1  B3+B16 53 110101 +j−1+1−j+1+j+j+1 −1−1+1+1+1−1−1+1 −B3+B22 +1−1+1−1+1+1+1+1 −B5+B16 54 110110 −1−j+j+1+1+j+j+1 −1+1−1+1+1−1−1+1  B5+B22 −1−1+1+1+1+1+1+1 −B3+B16 55 110111 −j+1−1+j+1+j+j+1 +1+1−1−1+1−1−1+1  B3+B22 −1+1−1+1+1+1+1+1  B5+B16 56 111000 +j−1−j−1+j−1+j+1 −1−1+1−1−1−1−1+1 −B1+B23 +1−1−1−1+1−1+1+1 −B4+B18 57 111001 −1−j+1−j+j−1+j+1 −1+1+1+1−1−1−1+1  B4+B23 −1−1+1−1+1−1+1+1 −B1+B18 58 111010 −j+1+j+1+j−1+j+1 +1+1−1+1−1−1−1+1  B1+B23 −1+1+1+1+1−1+1+1  B4+B18 59 111011 +1+j−1+j+j−1+j+1 +1−1−1−1−1−1−1+1 −B4+B23 +1+1−1+1+1−1+1+1  B1+B18 60 111100 −1−j−j−1−1−j+j+1 −1+1+1−1−1+1−1+1  B6+B21 −1−1−1−1−1−1+1+1 −B0+B19 61 111101 −j+1+1−j−1−j+j+1 +1+1+1+1−1+1−1+1  B0+B21 −1+1+1−1−1−1+1+1  B6+B19 62 111110 +1+j+j+1−1−j+j+1 +1−1−1+1−1+1−1+1 −B6+B21 +1+1+1+1−1−1+1+1  B0+B19 63 111111 +j−1−1+j−1−j+j+1 −1−1−1−1−1+1−1+1 −B0+B21 +1−1−1+1−1−1+1+1 −B6+B19 XI. Conclusion

While various embodiments of the present invention have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. Other embodiments are possible and are covered by the invention. 

1. A method for decoding, comprising: (a) receiving a transmitted encoded data word; (b) generating in-phase (I) and quadrature-phase (Q) components of the transmitted encoded data word based on the transmitted encoded data word; (c) determining whether a phase shift occurred in the transmitted encoded data word; (d) independently applying a fast correlator transform (FCT) to each of the I and Q components of the transmitted encoded data word to generate I and Q correlation outputs; (e) combining the I and Q correlation outputs to generate a decoded data word.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the transmitted encoded data word is encoded according to a Cyclic Code Keying (CCK) scheme.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the transmitted encoded data word is encoded according to the IEEE 802.11 signaling scheme.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein step (b) comprises generating the I and Q components of the transmitted encoded data word based on a mapping of encoded input to I and Q encoded outputs according to an encoding scheme.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the phase shift in the transmitted encoded data word is due to a differential encoding of the encoded data word.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein step (c) further comprises: determining whether the I component of the transmitted encoded data word is inverted, thereby corresponding to a π/2 phase shift in the transmitted encoded data word; and determining whether the Q component of the transmitted encoded data word is inverted, thereby corresponding to a 3π/2 phase shift in the transmitted encoded data word.
 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising: swapping the I and Q components when a π/2 phase shift or a 3π/2 phase shift is determined in the transmitted encoded data word.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein step (d) further comprises: generating a respective plurality of correlation outputs for each of the I and Q components; selecting for each of the I and Q components a respective maximum correlation output value from its respective plurality of correlation outputs.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the maximum correlation output value has an absolute value of
 8. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein step (e) further comprises: combining the respective I and Q maximum correlation output values to generate the decoded data word.
 11. A decoder, comprising: input circuitry to receive a transmitted encoded data word; mapping circuitry to map the transmitted encoded data word to corresponding in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) components of the transmitted encoded data word; phase shift detection circuitry to determine whether a phase shift occurred in the transmitted encoded data word; I and Q fast correlator transform (FCT) circuitry to independently perform FCT correlation on each of the I and Q components of the transmitted encoded data word and to generate I and Q correlation outputs; adder circuitry to combine the I and Q correlation outputs and generate a decoded data word.
 12. The decoder of claim 11, wherein the transmitted encoded data word is encoded according to a Cyclic Code Keying (CCK) scheme.
 13. The decoder of claim 11, wherein the transmitted encoded data word is encoded according to the IEEE 802.11 signaling scheme.
 14. The decoder of claim 11, wherein the mapping circuitry comprises a mapping of encoded input to I and Q encoded outputs according to an encoding scheme.
 15. The decoder of claim 11, wherein the phase shift in the transmitted encoded data word is due to a differential encoding of the encoded data word.
 16. The decoder of claim 11, wherein the phase detection circuitry further comprises: inverted channel detection circuitry to determine whether the I component of the transmitted encoded data word is inverted, thereby corresponding to a π/2 phase shift in the transmitted encoded data word; and to determine whether the Q component of the transmitted encoded data word is inverted, thereby corresponding to a 3π/2 phase shift in the transmitted encoded data word.
 17. The decoder of claim 16, further comprising: circuitry to swap the I and Q components when a π/2 phase shift or a 3π/2 phase shift is determined in the transmitted encoded data word.
 18. The decoder of claim 11, wherein the I and Q FCT circuitry: circuitry to generate a respective plurality of correlation outputs for each of the I and Q components; circuitry to select for each of the I and Q components a respective maximum correlation output value from its respective plurality of correlation outputs.
 19. The decoder of claim 18, wherein the maximum correlation output value has an absolute value of
 8. 20. The decoder of claim 18, wherein the adder circuitry combines the respective I and Q maximum correlation output values to generate the decoded data word.
 21. An apparatus, comprising: (a) means for receiving a transmitted encoded data word; (b) means for generating in-phase (I) and quadrature-phase (Q) components of the transmitted encoded data word based on the transmitted encoded data word; (c) means for determining whether a phase shift occurred in the transmitted encoded data word; (d) means for independently applying a fast correlator transform (FCT) to each of the I and Q components of the transmitted encoded data word to generate I and Q correlation outputs; (e) means for combining the I and Q correlation outputs to generate a decoded data word.
 22. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the transmitted encoded data word is encoded according to a Cyclic Code Keying (CCK) scheme.
 23. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the transmitted encoded data word is encoded according to the IEEE 802.11 signaling scheme.
 24. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein said generating means comprises means for generating the I and Q components of the transmitted encoded data word based on a mapping of encoded input to I and Q encoded outputs of an encoding scheme.
 25. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the phase shift in the transmitted encoded data word is due to a differential encoding of the encoded data word.
 26. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein said determining means further comprises: means for determining whether the I component of the transmitted encoded data word is inverted, thereby corresponding to a π/2 phase shift in the transmitted encoded data word; and means for determining whether the Q component of the transmitted encoded data word is inverted, thereby corresponding to a 3π/2 phase shift in the transmitted encoded data word.
 27. The apparatus of claim 26, further comprising: means for swapping the I and Q components when a π/2 phase shift or a 3π/2 phase shift is determined in the transmitted encoded data word.
 28. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein said independently applying means further comprises: means for generating a respective plurality of correlation outputs for each of the I and Q components; means for selecting for each of the I and Q components a respective maximum correlation output value from its respective plurality of correlation outputs.
 29. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein the maximum correlation output value has an absolute value of
 8. 30. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein said combining means further comprises: means for combining the respective I and Q maximum correlation output values to generate the decoded data word. 